Comments on Rights

Unpaid Debt

How the Crown and Elite Institutions Profited from Slavery—and Still Refuse to Pay What They Owe Britain’s carefully cultivated image as the moral architect of abolition is collapsing under the weight of historical evidence that tells a far less flattering story: one of systematic profit extracted from enslaved African labor, the construction of enduring institutions with that wealth, and a persistent refusal—down to the present—to repay what is owed. Slavery was not an unfortunate aberration in British history; it was a foundational business model. And the debt it created—material and moral—remains unpaid. New scholarship makes clear that Britain did not […]

The Maduro Case and the Fractured Foundations of Immunity

When National Power Defies International Law On January 5, 2026, Nicolás Maduro stood in a Manhattan federal courtroom, flanked by U.S. marshals, and uttered four words that reverberated far beyond the walls of the courthouse: “I am still president.” The statement was not a boast—it was a legal assertion rooted in one of the oldest and most universally accepted principles of international law: absolute immunity for sitting heads of state. In a dramatic and legally fraught episode, the United States appears to have cast that principle aside, raising urgent questions about the rule of law, the integrity of international norms, […]

Lex Fortioris in Practice

Throughout human history, the arc of domination has rarely bent toward justice—unless justice served the interests of the powerful. From the Assyrian Empire’s brutal vassalage systems to European colonial extraction, from the transatlantic slave trade to Cold War proxy interventions, dominant social groups, kingdoms, tribes, and nation-states have consistently leveraged their strength not to uphold law, but to reshape it in their image. The principle often unspoken but ever-present is lex fortioris—the law of the stronger. In this doctrine, might does not merely make right; it rewrites the rules entirely, rendering legality a flexible tool of control rather than a […]

Judicial Independence and the Myth of the Benevolent State

The recent U.S. sanctions against two International Criminal Court (ICC) judges—Gocha Lordkipanidze of Georgia and Erdenebalsuren Damdin of Mongolia—offer a revealing case study in the contradictions that underpin much of the discourse on human rights and the rule of law. Ostensibly imposed to defend Israel’s sovereignty, the sanctions in practice constitute a direct assault on judicial independence, revealing a deeper truth: that the modern state, especially its executive arm, cannot be presumed to be a neutral or benevolent guardian of human rights. The U.S. State Department, through Secretary of State Marco Rubio, justified the sanctions by accusing the judges of […]

From Conflict to Control: The Collapse of Afghanistan

Introduction In 2021, global audiences witnessed the unfolding of the events in Afghanistan through their television screens in the comfort of their homes. Images of men with dark beards and violent weapons dominated every phone, computer and television screen capturing the attention and concern of the international community. Headlines broadcasted words of despair such as, “Takeover” “Collapse” and “War” reflecting the rapid and dramatic changes occurring within the central Asia nation. The world watched silently as 14.2 million Afghan women faced the rapid erosion of their rights, losing access to employment, education, and medical care amongst other basic privileges. The […]

Introduction to Human Rights

The Wrongs that Made Rights Possible: From Rights to Human Rights

The concept of human rights has undergone a profound transformation over centuries, evolving from the notion of rights granted by royal decree and national constitutions to the declaration of universal rights most of which were eventually enshrined in international law in the form of treaties and conventions. This transition reflects both humanity’s growing understanding of […]

The Evolution of Adjudicating Human Rights Crimes

From Temporary Tribunals to the International Criminal Court The adjudication of human rights crimes has undergone a significant transformation over the past century, evolving from temporary, single-use tribunals to the establishment of a permanent international criminal court. This evolution reflects the international community’s growing commitment to accountability, justice, and the rule of law in addressing […]

The Development of Human Rights: From Hammurabi to the Universal Declaration

While the earliest appearance of the phrase “human rights” in written records can be traced back to the first half of the 19th century, the concept of “rights” as ethical and legal claims extends far beyond the modern era. Throughout history, organized societies with hierarchical governments have established norms and rules to protect life, […]

Sovereignty and Human Rights

Sovereignty is a fundamental concept in international relations and law, defining the authority of a state to govern itself without external interference. However, in the modern era, sovereignty is increasingly discussed in relation to human rights. This article explores the concept of sovereignty in the context of human rights and its significance in ensuring—or hindering—the […]

Perspectives on Human Rights

The foundational idea of human rights is the notion of rights. When the very existence of a being is dependent on other things, such a being may claim that they have the right to these things. For instance, the human being is dependent on breathable air (oxygen), therefore, no power in the world should delay, limit, or enumerate […]